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Deadly Diabetes:
 A Practical Guide To Manage Diabetes Symptoms 

Dear reader,

Scientists at the University of Iowa School of Medicine have uncovered what exactly triggers diabetes through this nuclear kidney scan...


Wreaking havoc on your insulin levels.
Diabetes is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by either a lack of insulin production in the body or the inability of cells to use insulin effectively. 

It affects millions worldwide. 

If left unmanaged, the high glucose levels in the bloodstream may cause serious health problems like heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease over time.

With the correct management and lifestyle choices, people with diabetes can live long, healthy lives. 

However, despite the advances in technology and medicine that have aided in controlling diabetes, many patients struggle with self-management behaviors and find it challenging to make the changes necessary to manage their condition effectively.

This book provides practical guidance and support for individuals seeking to take charge of their diabetes and improve their quality of life. 

Whether you have recently been diagnosed or have been living with diabetes for some time, you will find valuable information and practical tips on these pages.

Comprehensive Overview of Diabetes 

In digestion, once glucose enters the bloodstream, it needs a "key" to access the cells used as energy. 

That key is insulin.

The pancreas produces the hormone insulin, which facilitates the uptake of glucose from food into the cells for use as fuel. 

Diabetes develops when the body produces insufficient or little insulin or uses insulin poorly—causing glucose to remain in circulation and not enter the cells.

Patients sometimes refer to their diabetes as "borderline diabetes" or "a touch of sugar." 

These phrases imply that they have a milder case. Regardless of how mild diabetes appears, you still have to take much care because every case of diabetes is severe and may result in devastating consequences if handled unprofessionally.

Here are the top three types of diabetes, their causes, risk factor, and symptoms. Note that at least 80% of people with diabetes suffer from one of these.

Type 1 Diabetes 

Type 1 diabetes develops when the immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas. 

When a large number of islet cells in the pancreas are destroyed, insulin production decreases or stops altogether.

Type 1 diabetes accounts for approximately 10% of all diabetes cases and is a common chronic condition in children. 

It limits the body's ability to use insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Despite the breakdown of carbohydrates from food and drink into glucose, the lack of insulin prevents it from entering the cells. 

As a result, excess glucose accumulates in the bloodstream, causing elevated blood sugar levels.

Currently, there's no cure for type 1 diabetes. It requires lifetime management through insulin injections or an insulin pump.

Symptoms 

Type 1 diabetes onset can be abrupt and symptom-free in children, while in adults, it can develop gradually over time. 

The symptoms start mild and worsen progressively, over days, weeks, or months, due to the pancreas making less insulin.

The symptoms include:

  • Excessive thirst 
  • Frequent urination 
  • Excessive hunger 
  • ​Weight loss 
  • ​Fatigue
  • ​Blurred vision 
  • ​Slow wound healing 
  • ​Vaginal yeast infections 
Also, watch for signs of ketoacidosis, such as 
  • Fruity breath 
  • Nausea
  • Stomach pain 
  • ​Rapid breathing 
  • ​Confusion
  • ​Drowsiness or loss of consciousness
If you notice an onset of any of these symptoms, especially ketoacidosis, it is crucial to seek emergency medical attention. 

Causes

Although the precise origin of type 1 diabetes is unknown, Researchers say that it has a strong genetic component which is unavoidable. 

Ongoing studies show that Type 1 diabetes may be predisposed to one or more genes in people who develop the disease. 

An environmental trigger then sets off the autoimmune response. An infection or a lot of stress are examples of such triggers.

To confirm the type 1 diabetes diagnosis, a doctor may order blood tests to see if a patient has enough auto-antibodies.

Although keeping a healthy lifestyle is crucial for managing type 1 diabetes, experts emphasize that type 1 diabetes has little to do with lifestyle.

Risk factors

Common factors that can raise your risk to type 1 diabetes are:

● Family background: A person's risk of getting type 1 diabetes increases if they have a parent or sibling with it.

● Genetics: Type 1 diabetes is more likely to occur in those who have specific genes.

● Age: Although type 1 diabetes can manifest at any age, it does so at two distinct peaks. Between the ages of 4 and 7, youngsters reach their first peak. The second affects kids between the ages of 10 and 14.

Type 2 Diabetes 

Type 2 diabetes is a condition where the insulin produced by the pancreas either doesn't work effectively or is insufficient, leading to elevated blood glucose (sugar) levels.

What happens is that the pancreas releases insulin in response to glucose from food and drink, but the insulin doesn't work efficiently, causing blood sugar levels to rise. This leads to more insulin release. 

Eventually, the pancreas becomes exhausted, resulting in less insulin production and higher blood sugar levels, increasing the risk of hyperglycemia.

Type 2 diabetes is also known as adult-onset diabetes because it begins almost exclusively in mid to late adulthood. However, this illness is becoming more prevalent in kids and teenagers.

Statistics show that type 2 diabetes is far more prevalent than type 1 diabetes. At least 37 million people with diabetes in the US have type 2, a severe and potentially lifelong condition. 

Similar to type 1, without proper treatment, high blood sugar levels can cause serious harm to various parts of the body, including the eyes, heart, and feet.

Symptoms

Compared to type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes develops more gradually. 

Many people either don't experience any symptoms or are unaware of them. Signs to watch out for include;

● Increased thirst
● Darkened skin in armpits and neck
● Increased hunger
● Blurred vision
● Unintended weight loss
● Frequent urination
● Fatigue
● Slow-healing sores
● Dry mouth
● Itchy skin
● Frequent yeast infections or vaginal infections
● Dry, itchy skin
● Bladder, kidney, skin, or gum infections
● Erectile dysfunction in men
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    What doctors prescribe to keep diabetes under control, actually WORSENS it, putting your life in danger.

    If you have diabetes and take insulin shots this terrible thing can happen to you.

    Causes
    Insulin resistance, characterized by poor insulin sensitivity in the muscle, liver, and fat cells, is the typical precursor to type 2 diabetes. Your body consequently requires extra insulin to facilitate glucose uptake into cells.

    Risk factors 

    These include;

    Fat Distribution: The way your body stores fat, especially if it is mainly in your abdomen, can indicate a higher risk of Type 2 Diabetes. 

    People with a waist circumference of over 40 inches (101.6 cm) for men or 35 inches (88.9 cm) for women are at a higher risk.

    Physical Inactivity: physical inactivity heightens your risk of Type 2 Diabetes as it contributes to weight gain and makes your cells less reactive to insulin.

    Family History: The risk is higher if you have a parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes.

    Race and Ethnicity: People from specific races and ethnicities, such as Black, Hispanic, Native American, Asian, and Pacific Islander, have a higher risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes than white people.

    Blood Lipid Levels: High levels of triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol can increase the risk of Type 2 Diabetes.

    Prediabetes: If you have prediabetes, where your blood sugar level is higher than average but not high enough to be classified as diabetes, you have a higher risk of developing the condition.

    Medical background: A history of severe mental illness, gestational diabetes, heart attacks, or strokes predisposes you to type 2 diabetes.

    Gestational Diabetes 

    Gestational diabetes refers to a type of diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy. 

    It leads to elevated blood sugar levels and can adversely affect the pregnancy and the baby's health.

    To manage gestational diabetes during pregnancy, adopt a healthy diet, engage in physical activity, and take medication if needed. 

    Maintaining proper blood sugar control ensures the well-being of the mother and the child and prevents a complicated delivery.

    After giving birth, the blood sugar levels of those with gestational diabetes typically return to normal. 

    However, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is higher for individuals who have had gestational diabetes during pregnancy. 

    As a result, it is crucial to monitor blood sugar levels frequently after childbirth.

    Symptoms 

    The majority of women who develop gestational diabetes show no symptoms. 

    Healthcare providers typically identify the problem during a regular blood sugar or oral glucose tolerance test in the second trimester.

    A person with gestational diabetes may, in extremely rare circumstances, feel increased thirst or urination.

    Causes 

    The leading cause of insulin resistance in pregnant women is hormonal changes. 

    Growth hormones, cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, human placental lactogen, and placental insulinase raises insulin resistance in some individuals. 

    Other factors during pregnancy, such as increased food intake, decreased physical activity, and increased fat deposits, can also contribute to insulin resistance. 

    The reasons why some women do not handle these hormones well and develop gestational diabetes are still not entirely understood.

    General Techniques To Diagnose Diabetes

    Here are the common ways medical doctors diagnose or confirm diabetes in patients.

    Glucose Tolerance Test

    This test measures your blood sugar before and after consuming a glucose-rich drink. 

    You need to fast overnight before the test. 

    The attendant checks your blood sugar 1, 2, and possibly 3 hours after finishing the drink. 

    A score of 140 mg/dL or lower at 2 hours is considered normal, 140-199 mg/dL is prediabetic, and 200 mg/dL or higher indicates diabetes.

    A1C Test

    This test provides an average of your blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months. A score below 5.7% is considered normal; 5.7-6.4% indicates prediabetes, and 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes.

    Fasting Blood Sugar Test

    This test measures your blood sugar after an overnight fast, and a result of 99 mg/dL or lower is considered normal, 100-125 mg/dL is prediabetic, and 126 mg/dL or higher is indicative of diabetes.

    Random Blood Sugar Test

    This test measures your blood sugar at the moment of the test and does not require fasting. 

    A score of 200 mg/dL or higher is indicative of diabetes.

    Managing Diabetes Symptoms

    Managing diabetes symptoms is crucial to living with this chronic condition. 

    It requires constant monitoring and healthy lifestyle choices to ensure stable blood sugar levels and avoid complications. 

    Monitoring blood sugar levels

    The most important thing you can do to control either type 1 or type 2 diabetes is to monitor your blood sugar levels regularly. 

    Watch what influences your blood sugar statistics to rise or fall, such as consuming certain meals, taking medication, or engaging in physical activity. 

    With the help of this knowledge, you can decide on the optimum diabetes management strategy in collaboration with your medical team. 

    These choices aid in delaying or preventing diabetes-related problems, including amputation, renal damage, blindness, and heart attack. 

    You'll learn when and how frequently to monitor your blood sugar levels from your doctor.

    Techniques for monitoring blood sugar

    Relevant techniques for monitoring your blood sugar are:

    Blood glucose monitoring at home using blood meters

    The features, mobility, speed, size, price, and readability of meters vary.

    To check your blood sugar levels, you pierce your finger with a lancet, dispense a drop of blood onto a test strip, and insert the strip into a meter.

    Please note the test findings so you can give your doctor access to them. 

    The two of you could change your diet, exercise routine, or medication, depending on the results. You may get blood sugar meters and strips from your neighborhood drugstore. 

    Some include software kits that use data from the meter to provide graphs and charts of your previous test results. Averaging blood sugar levels over a while is another feature that some meters offer.

    Continuous glucose measuring method

    A few of these gadgets pair with insulin pumps. 

    They are not as precise as glucose findings from a finger stick. 

    However, they can assist you in identifying patterns and trends in your blood sugar levels. 

    These are sometimes referred to as "interstitial glucose monitoring devices" by clinicians. 

    If you choose this option, your doctor will use a small sensor under your skin to check your blood sugar every five minutes. 

    Then, for a few days, it transmits data to a monitor you wear like a pager.

    Continuous glucose monitoring does not replace the requirement that you check your blood sugar levels often throughout the day. 

    It only provides your doctor with additional knowledge about patterns that self-checking might not reveal.

    Diet and Nutrition

    To effectively manage your blood glucose, you must consider what you eat, how much, and when. 

    Changing your lifestyle may seem complicated, but starting small and seeking support from loved ones and healthcare providers can make it easier.

    By following a healthy meal plan and staying active, you can regulate your blood sugar level and maintain your blood pressure and cholesterol levels, achieve and maintain a healthy weight, prevent or delay diabetes-related issues, and increase your energy levels.


    Meal planning

    A diabetic meal plan may make healthy eating more exciting by providing some fresh ideas to the diet while also assisting a person in keeping track of the calories and carbs they ingest.

    However, certain people, including those who are physically active, pregnant, breast- or chest-feeding, and have specific medical issues, may not get enough calories from these meal plans. 

    A low-calorie diet can also be restricting and might make it harder to get the necessary nourishment.

    Limit certain foods and drinks in your diet to maintain healthy blood glucose levels. 

    For instance, avoid beverages with added sugars, like juice, regular soda, sports or energy drinks, foods high in salt, and sweets like baked goods, candy, and ice cream.

    Alcohol can cause your blood glucose levels to drop if you take insulin or diabetes medication and have not eaten significantly recently. 

    Instead, choose water as your primary beverage and consider using sugar substitutes like honey in your tea or coffee. 

    If you drink alcohol, limit it to one drink daily for women and two drinks for men.

    The daily calorie requirement for an individual depends on several factors, such as blood sugar goals, physical activity, height, gender, weight management plans, use of insulin or other medications, personal preferences, and budget constraints. 

    You can ask your food nutritionist to help you develop a meal plan based on these for the best results.

    Exercise and Physical Activity

    Regular exercise contributes to maintaining a healthy weight, reducing blood pressure, balancing cholesterol levels, enhancing muscle and bone strength, alleviating anxiety, and promoting overall well-being in patients who have diabetes. 

    Exercise offers an added advantage by reducing blood sugar levels and enhancing the body's response to insulin, thereby overcoming insulin resistance.

    Safe exercises include cycling, jogging, walking, resistance band exercises, weight lifting, team sports, yoga, and swimming. 

    Ensure you drink enough water before, during, and after the activity. 

    Be sure to consult your doctor before beginning a new workout routine.

    Monitor your blood sugar levels during the activity to ensure they remain within the desired range.

    Medications

    The type of diabetes you have determines the medications you'll use. 

    To help manage diabetic symptoms and prevent or treat associated problems, doctors may also prescribe additional drugs and nutritional supplements.

    Type 1 diabetes 

    Insulin replacement therapy is the main treatment option for type 1 diabetes. 

    The precise type of insulin administered depends on the individual's demands and treatment strategy.

    1. Inhaled insulin: This type of insulin begins to function in 12 to 15 minutes, reaches its peak in 30 minutes, and leaves your body 180 minutes later. 

    It is combined with injectable long-acting insulin and breathed at the start of each meal.

    2. Rapid-acting insulin: This type of insulin acts quickly, typically within 15 minutes, to lower blood sugar levels after eating.

    3. Short-acting insulin: This type of insulin works within 30 minutes to 3 hours and is usually used to cover meals.

    4. Intermediate-acting insulin: This type of insulin starts to work within 2 to 4 hours and lasts for 12 to 18 hours.

    5. Long-acting insulin: This type provides a slow and steady insulin release over 24 hours and controls overall blood sugar levels.

    6. Pre-mixed insulin: This type of insulin combines rapid-acting or short-acting insulin with intermediate-acting insulin.

    Type 2 diabetes 

    Keeping your blood sugar levels within an average range and treating other related medical issues (such as high blood pressure) are the main goals of treatment for type 2 diabetes. 

    The choice of medication and its specific use depends on the individual's unique health status and glucose control needs.

    1. Biguanides: These medications help lower blood sugar levels by decreasing glucose production in the liver and improving insulin sensitivity.

    2. Sulfonylureas: These medications stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin and improve insulin secretion.

    3. DPP-4 inhibitors: These medications increase insulin production and reduce glucose production in the liver.

    4. GLP-1 receptor agonists: These medications slow digestion, reduce glucose production in the liver and increase insulin secretion.

    5. SGLT2 inhibitors: These medications prevent glucose reabsorption in the kidneys.

    6. Thiazolidinediones: These medications increase insulin sensitivity, particularly in the muscles and liver.

    7. Meglitinides: These medications stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas.

    Random Blood Sugar Test

    This test measures your blood sugar at the moment of the test and does not require fasting. 

    A score of 200 mg/dL or higher is indicative of diabetes.

    Coping with the Emotional Impact of Diabetes

    Dealing with diabetes can be challenging both physically and emotionally. 

    It can cause feelings of stress, anxiety, and depression, which are normal reactions to having a chronic condition.

    However, it is essential to remember that you are not alone, and resources are available to support you. 

    Focus on what you can control, like your sick day rules, attending appointments, making healthy food choices, and taking care of your mental health.

    Another way to cope with emotions is to manage stress levels. 

    Stress can significantly impact blood sugar levels, so it's essential to know when you're feeling stressed and learn how to deal with it. 

    If you're feeling overwhelmed, talking about it can help, and reaching out to support groups, mental health professionals, and your healthcare team is essential.

    Depression is a common condition among people with diabetes and can be treated with the help of mental health professionals. 

    Being diagnosed with diabetes results in disbelief, anger, and being overwhelmed. 

    It is crucial to reach out for support and allow yourself time to adjust to life with diabetes.

    Managing emotions with diabetes requires a multi-faceted approach, including focusing on what you can control, managing stress levels, talking about your feelings, and reaching out for support. 

    Once again, Remember that you are not alone, and resources are available to help you cope with diabetes and the emotions that come with it.

    Prevention and Early Detection of Diabetes

    Preventing diabetes starts with a healthy lifestyle. 

    By maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding unhealthy habits, you can reduce your risk of diabetes. 

    Controllable risk factors such as being overweight, a poor diet, inactivity, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use can increase the risk of diabetes. 

    Although some risk factors, such as family history, are not modifiable, taking control of what you do can improve your overall health and lower your risk of diabetes.

    Conclusion

    It doesn't have to be tough for you to manage your diabetes and lead a healthy, fulfilling life. 

    By implementing the methods and advice in this book, you can take charge of your health and design a unique strategy that works for you. 

    There are many methods to manage diabetes symptoms and live your best life, including eating nutrient-dense foods, being active, monitoring your glucose levels, and collaborating closely with your healthcare team. 

    So, take a big breath, show yourself some love, and begin making changes for the better right now. 

    The possibilities for your future are endless if you have the right resources and assistance.
    Resources and References:
    1. https://archive.org/details/APracticalGuideToDiabetesMellitus7thEdgnv64
    2. https://www.diabetes.org.uk/diabetes-the-basics/types-of-diabetes/type-2
    3. https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=GC_dCQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=diabetes&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=diabetes&f=false
    4. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.diabetes.org.uk/diabetes-the-basics/types-of-diabetes/type-1&ved=2ahUKEwjP0-7j5v38AhW6SaQEHWoVCKo4ChCjtAF6BAgLEAE&usg=AOvVaw3phN7bDX4U-gIsy7p2Dctv


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